Although, dental technology was centred on lost-wax casting technology in the past, new fabrication systems combining computer-assisted fabrication systems (dental CAD⁄CAM) with various networks are now available. Awareness of the advantages and limitations of metal manufacturing techniques provides clinician to select the best manufacturing technique. In this review, metal manufacturing techniques and the recent developments in this field have been criticized. The prosthetic applications suitable to these techniques have also been discussed.

The suture materials are used in closure and stabilization of the flap edges after periodontal surgeries. During healing surgical sutures should hold and stabilize the flap edges in the precise position and not cause tissue reaction or inflammation. Therefore, the selection of the suture needle, material and technique appropriate to the periodontal surgery applied and the surgical area is extremely important. For choosing the proper technique and material the periodontist should have satisfactory knowledge. In this review, the characteristics of surgical sutures and needles and also the suture techniques are discussed in detail.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the maxillary skeletal and dentoalveoler transversal widths in class I, class II and class III malocclusions using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)
METHODS: The CBCT images of 68 patients (30 female, 38 male) with 25 skeletal class 1 (0 ≤ ANB ≤ 4), 22 skeletal class 2 (4 ≤ ANB) and 21 skeletal class 3 (0 ≥ ANB) were included. Maxillary base width, maxillary alveolar width, distance between maxillary first molars, palatal base width, palatal alveolar width, the angulation of right and left maxillar first molars were measured using Mimics Software (Materialise, Ann Arbor, Mich). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Krıuskall Wallis and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were used for statistical evaluations
RESULTS: The highest difference for maxillary skeletal width was between class I and class II groups as 0.68 mm (p=0,675). Although it was not statistically significant, the mean difference between class I and class III groups was 4.46 mm (95% GA, -4.26 mm, 13.10 mm). This difference was 2.92 mm (95% GA, 5.57 mm, 11.43 mm) between class II and class III groups
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Skeletal and dental transversal dimensions were similar between sagittal anomalies with mild to moderate severity

INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of the frequency of distomolar teeth in the adult population.
METHODS: 25-45 years old patients’ panoramic images were assessed retrospectively. Demographic data (age, gender), the presence of distomolar teeth, their number, shape, location, laterality and treatment modality were noted.
RESULTS: Among 5234 patients’ panoramic images 21 distomolar teeth were detected in 18 patients. The frequency of distomolars were found to be 0,34%. Majority of distomolar teeth were impacted (76,19%), microdont (95,24%), and found in the maxillas (76,19%) of men (61,11%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Distomolars are generally impacted and are rarely seen. A detailed and careful investigation of panoramic radiographs is imperative to prevent or minimize associated complications such as eruption anomalies or the formation of odontogenic cysts.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate dentinal defects after root canal preparation with hand files, NiTi rotary and reciprocating systems using sectioning method.
METHODS: Sixty extracted maxillary central incisors with similar dimensions, mature apices and straight root canals were used in this study. Twelve teeth were left unprepared, remaining 48 teeth divided into four groups (n=12) and were instrumented using one of the following instrumentation techniques: Hedström files using a step-back technique, ProTaper Universal (PTU), Reciproc, and Twisted File Adaptive (TFA) systems. All the roots were horizontally sectioned 3, 6 and 9 mm from the apex and the slices were viewed under a stereomicroscope at a magnification of 25 X and photographed. Specimens with dentinal defects were determined by two examiners who were blinded to the experimental groups. Kappa test was used for inter-examiner reliability. Chi-square test was used for the evaluation of the difference between the groups (α= 0,05).
RESULTS: The formation of the cracks in Reciproc group were significantly higher compared to the control group and the TF Adaptive group (P < 0.05). All other comparisons between the tested instruments did not show significant differences (P > 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Under the limitations of the present ex vivo study, the evaluation of the presence of the cracks revealed that TFA instruments can be used safely for preparation of straight and large root canals. Further studies are required to provide these results in clinical conditions.

INTRODUCTION: The ability of dental restorative material to resist the functional forces is an important requirement for their long-term clinical performance. Compressive strength, flexural strength and surface microhardness are significant physical properties of dental restorative materials. The purpose of this study is to compare the mechanical properties of four different resin modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs).
METHODS: Materials used in the study; Photac Fil Quick Aplicap (3M ESPE, Minnesota, ABD), GC Fuji II GP (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), Riva Light Cure (SDI, Illionis, ABD) and ACTIVA Bioactive (Pulpdent Corporation, Watertown, USA). Specimens were prepared (n=10) according to the ISO standard for testing compressive strength, flexural strength and surface microhardness. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc-test was performed to identify differences between the materials (p<0.05).
RESULTS: The highest compressive and flexural strength values were obtained from ACTIVA Bioactive. There was no significant difference betweeen surface microhardness values of Photac Fil Quick Applicap and ACTIVA Bioactive. Riva Light Cure exhibited the lowest values for flexural strength and surface microhardness
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, ACTIVA Bioactive Restorative material showed better mechanical and physical properties than conventional RMGICs

INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers are proteins or genes that can be differentially expressed in cancer, premalign, and normal tissue and the use of biomarkers may help to improve prediction of cancer transformation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ghrelin is differently expressed in normal oral epithelium, oral leukoplakia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)
METHODS: Preparations of deparaffinized blocks obtained from the pathology archives of 55 previously diagnosed cases of normal oral mucosa (n = 15), oral leukoplakia (n = 18), and OSCC (n = 22) were stained immunohistochemically with specific antibodies to evaluate ghrelin expression. The ghrelin expression on immunohistochemical staining was quantified visually by counting 100 cells under a microscopic. Ghrelin-positive cells showed brown cytoplasmic staining
RESULTS: Ghrelin was expressed in 64% of normal oral mucosa, 66% of oral leukoplakia, but in only 8% of OSCC. Compared with the other two groups, the mean ghrelin expression decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the OSCC group
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Ghrelin expression is decreased in OSCC compared with normal oral mucosa and oral leukoplakia. The ghrelin levels were similar in oral leukoplakia and normal oral mucosa. Ghrelin expression changes with oral carcinogenesis may be a biomarker for determining increased malignant potential

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation is defined as an excessive forward movement of the condyle beyond the articular eminence, with complete separation of the articular surfaces and fixation in that position. It is a very uncomfortable situation for patients because it can happen during daily activities like chewing and speaking. Intra-articular injection of sclerosing agents, autologous blood injection into the joint, injection of botulinum toxin into the lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral pterygoid myotomy, prolotherapy, increasing the height of the articular eminence, and eminectomy are widely used in the treatment of dislocations. It has been reported in the literature that surgical treatment should be applied in the presence of long-term dislocations. It is stated that eminectomy is an effective treatment modality for removing the obstacle in the condylar path and has a fairly low recurrence risk.. This case report describes that the patient with complaint of TMJ dislocation for about 2 years has been treated with bilateral eminectomy.