INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to evaluate of the dental pulp volume change in patients with hypertension (HT) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with three-dimensional analysis.
METHODS: The observational cross-sectional study was conducted using CBCT images of patients with at least one healthy maxillary canine tooth. The patients were classified into three groups according to self-reported systemic diseases: HT group, Type 2 DM group, and control group. Volumetric (pulp/tooth volume) and linear (pulp/tooth length and pulp/tooth diameter) measurements were made. ITK-SNAP software (Cognitica, Philadelphia, USA) was used. The measurement values were statistically compared between the groups.
RESULTS: A total of 90 individuals, 30 individuals in each group, were included in the study. The mean pulp volume of the HT group (28.13±5.89) and Type 2 DM group (25.99±3.13) were lower than the control group (29.06±5.60). However, the mean pulp volume was not difference between the groups (p>0.05). The mean tooth volume was difference between the groups (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: : It was found that there was no statistically significant change in the dental pulp volume of HT and Type 2 DM patients compared to healthy individuals with three-dimensional analysis.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated accuracy of periapical radiographs (PAs) in measuring peri-implant bone defects and identifying defect types in peri-implantitis patients. Additionally, it assessed the consistency of probing depth measurements using plastic and metal periodontal probes.


METHODS: A prospective clinical study included 28 patients (51 implants, 96 defects) diagnosed with peri-implantitis. Radiographic defect dimensions were measured on PAs using standardized techniques and compared with intraoperative findings. Defect types were classified based on radiographic and surgical observations. Probing depth measurements were performed using metal Williams and plastic UNC-12 probes. Statistical analyses included dependent t-tests, Bland-Altman plots, and Kappa coefficients.


RESULTS: PA radiographs underestimated defect dimensions compared to intraoperative measurements, with mean differences of 0.34 mm (depth) and 0.32 mm (width) (p < 0.001). Repeatability of radiographic measurements was excellent (ICC = 0.997). Moderate agreement (κ = 0.47) was observed between radiographic and intraoperative classifications, with highest concordance for type 1c and 1d defects. Substantial agreement (κ = 0.71) was found between metal and plastic probe measurements.


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Standardized PAs provide reliable accuracy for assessing peri-implant defects, despite slight underestimation. Moderate agreement in defect classification supports their clinical utility. Both probes demonstrated substantial consistency, reinforcing their validity in peri-implantitis diagnostics.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the prevalence and morphological characteristics of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal in maxillary first and second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images obtained from patients who presented to the Faculty of Dentistry at Uşak University.
METHODS: In this retrospective study, CBCT data from 427 patients obtained from 2018 through 2025 were analyzed. The images were evaluated using RadiAnt DICOM Viewer software by two specialists in oral and maxillofacial radiology and four endodontists. The presence and configuration of the MB2 canal were classified according to Vertucci’s classification. The prevalence of MB2 canals was compared according to gender and tooth type using the chi-square test, with a p-value <.05 considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: The MB2 canal was detected in 61.6% of the maxillary first molars and in 38.4% of the second molars. The prevalence of MB2 canals was higher in males than in females in both maxillary first (p =.017) and second molars (p =.039). According to Vertucci’s classification, the most frequently observed canal configuration was Type II, followed by Type IV.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although the MB2 canal was more frequently observed in maxillary first molars, it was also detected at clinically relevant rates in maxillary second molars. Gender and tooth type were identified as significant variables influencing the presence of the MB2 canal. Therefore, the use of three-dimensional imaging techniques, such as CBCT, is essential in endodontic treatment planning, particularly for maxillary molars with complex root canal anatomies, in order to enhance treatment success.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the increase in esthetic demands and the progress in adhesive systems have brought more attention to the treatment of the anterior region. In this context, direct composite veneers are widely preferred. Aim of the study is to compare the 18-month clinical performances of prefabricated composite veneers and direct composite veneers fabricated with transparent templates.
METHODS: This randomized, prospective in-vivo study included 21 volunteers and a total of 74 anterior veneers (36 laterals, 38 centrals). Prefabricated veneers were placed using the Edelweiss system; direct veneers were made with U-Veneer templates and Ceram-X Duo SphereTEC. All procedures followed manufacturers’ instructions, and no additional mechanical polishing was performed. Clinical evaluations were conducted at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months by two experienced, blinded examiners using modified Ryge (USPHS) criteria (color match, marginal discoloration/adaptation, anatomic form, secondary caries, retention loss, surface roughness, polish retention, postoperative sensitivity, and patient satisfaction). Statistical analyses used McNemar and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z tests (p<0.05).
RESULTS: After 18 months, both approaches were clinically successful with high patient satisfaction. No statistically significant differences were found between groups. Over time, a significant change was observed only in the polish retention criterion.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Both techniques are reliable short-to-mid-term options for anterior esthetics. Considering long-term outcomes, fine finishing and polishing of veneer surfaces are recommended with attention to patients’ dietary habits.

INTRODUCTION: Knowledge and awareness of molar incisor hypomineralization gained during undergraduate dental education have a direct influence on future clinical practice. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate final-year dental students’ knowledge and awareness of MIH.

METHODS: A previously validated questionnaire was administered face-to-face to fifth-year dental students. The survey assessed students’ knowledge and awareness of MIH, including its diagnosis, prevalence, etiology, and management, and was structured into two sections: knowledge/awareness and clinical application. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze all responses.

RESULTS: Of the 320 eligible students, 297 participated in the study (92.8%), and all were familiar with MIH (100%). Although most students had theoretical knowledge, only 16.8% felt very confident in diagnosing MIH, and 66.3% reported difficulty distinguishing it from similar enamel defects. Yellow/brown opacities were the most frequently recognized lesions (49.5%), and 28.1% had observed MIH-like defects in teeth other than first permanent molars and incisors. Genetic predisposition was the most frequently selected etiological factor (88.6%). Composite resin was the most preferred restorative material for MIH-affected teeth, while desensitizing toothpaste (73%) and fluoride applications (70–56%) were widely chosen for sensitivity management. Nearly all students expressed the need for additional MIH-focused clinical training, particularly in diagnosis (83.8%) and treatment (82.5%).


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although final-year dental students demonstrate high awareness of MIH, gaps persist in diagnostic confidence, differentiation from similar defects, and practical clinical management.

INTRODUCTION: Dental clinics pose unique risks for transmission of infection, particularly bloodborne pathogens such as hepatitis B virus (HBV). Ensuring that students have sufficient knowledge of and adherence to infection control protocols is critical for the safety of patients and healthcare providers. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the knowledge levels of infection control and practices of dental students at a university in Turkey, with a particular focus on HBV awareness and prevention.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 125 dental students from Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University and 35 practicing dentists in Muğla, Turkey. Participants voluntarily completed a 23-item structured questionnaire covering sterilization, usage of personal protective equipment, HBV transmission, and vaccination. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used for comparisons.
RESULTS: A total of 160 volunteers including 125 dentistry students and 35 graduate dentists, participated in the study. Awareness of primary transmission routes was high (n=129; 80.1%). Although 84 (52.5%) participants changed masks and gloves after treating each patient, students replaced masks less frequently than graduates (p<0.05). Only 24 (15%) recognized Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the most likely airborne pathogen, with graduates scoring significantly higher (p<0.05). Moreover, 74 (46.25%) identified autoclaving as the most suitable sterilization method in dentistry, yet graduates showed significantly greater knowledge regarding autoclave use (p<0.05). Graduates’ knowledge and compliance scores were also significantly higher than those of fifth-year students (p<0.05). While 65 (40.6%) had not received HBV vaccination, only 33 (20%) gained immunity after vaccination; both vaccination and immunity rates were significantly higher among graduates (p<0.05). Awareness of HBV transmission and airborne disease control was limited in both groups, with students scoring significantly lower. Overall knowledge was moderate.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study indicates that infection control practices are particularly insufficient among dental students, and awareness regarding HBV remains limited. These findings underscore the importance of reinforcing training on infection prevention throughout the dental curriculum, integrating theoretical knowledge with practical training, and ensuring that students are adequately protected by the institution until sufficient vaccination awareness and coverage are achieved.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of violence experienced by dentists working in different branches, the frequency of violence, the distribution of the frequency of violence by branches, the aetiological factors and the effect of violence on dentists' anxiety levels and risk factors.
METHODS: A questionnaire consisting of 33 questions was applied to dentists working in public and private university hospitals, state hospitals, health centers and dental offices to evaluate the types of violence, violent groups, gender, the situation of the dentist during and after the violence and the attitude of the workplace. Anxiety levels were determined with state and trait anxiety scale forms.
RESULTS: 83.6% of dentists reported having experienced violence. Paediatric dentists were the most exposed to violence with 91.1%, followed by general dentists with 85.3%. The mean state and trait anxiety scales for dentists were 39.9 and 41.2, respectively. The highest mean violence scores were found in the 25-34 age group. It was determined that both state and trait anxiety levels increased as the frequency of experiencing violence increased.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Most of the dentists are exposed to violence. Violence increases both state and trait anxiety levels of dentists.

Rapidly developing computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology has brought diversity to prosthetic restorations by expanding existing material options to include material types such as hybrid ceramics. Hybrid ceramics are a combination of resin composites and porcelain. This dual-phase structure combines the positive properties of ceramics and composites. It offers advanced features such as easy workability, superior edge compatibility and fracture resistance, as well as sufficient flexibility and resistance to chewing forces. However, it causes less wear on the opposing tooth than ceramic restorations. The lower hardness allows these blocks to be milled much faster. If any crack occurs, the crack is stopped before it progresses too far with the polymer in its structure. Since their elasticity modules are close to the teeth, they have indications in minimally invasive restorations. It can be processed better than ceramic, thus providing better results in areas where restorations are thinner. It does not require baking after milling. New generation hybrid blocks remain up to date, and studies are being carried out to increase clinical and laboratory success and indication areas. This review has been prepared to present the general characteristics of hybrid ceramics.

In cases where conventional root canal therapy is inadequate for the treatment of teeth with persistent periapical lesions, endodontic apical surgery is the most appropriate course of action. In cases where anatomical abnormalities, calcified root canals, and inaccessible apical regions via the conventional approach are present, as well as in instances of unsuccessful root canal treatments, this procedure is recommended. The primary objective is to prevent bacterial leakage from the root canal system to the periradicular tissues. This is achieved by excising the contaminated apical tissues, resecting the root-tip, and placing biocompatible root-end filling-material. A comprehensive medical and dental history is obtained, along with detailed clinical and radiographic examinations, prior to the initiation of the preoperative assessment. In addition, the patient's general-health and dental-hygiene should be considered prior to surgery. The outcomes of surgery may vary depending on the techniques and materials used. The success of the treatment is significantly enhanced using ultrasonic-tips, biocompatible filling-materials, microsurgical procedures, and a dental microscope. The selection of appropriate cases and the use of the most appropriate surgical techniques are essential for achieving successful results. The objective is to provide an overview of the current indications, techniques, and treatment outcomes for apical surgery.

Dentistry, by its nature, is one of the fields where anxiety needs to be managed and communication skills are actively used. Especially in pediatric dentistry, strategies are needed to manage discomfort, improve patient compliance, and enhance the acceptability of procedures. Managing the stress and anxiety experienced by pediatric patients during the treatment process is critical for both patient comfort and treatment success. Hypnosis, a complementary and alternative method, is considered an effective tool that dentists can use in managing stress associated with dental treatments in addition to their technical knowledge and skills. Hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness in which the individual's awareness of environmental stimuli is reduced through focused attention and the capacity to respond to subconscious suggestions is increased. This state of consciousness makes it possible to change the individual's emotions, thoughts, perception, memory and behavior. Hypnosis in pediatric dentistry is thought to be an effective method for alleviating pain associated with diseases and dental interventions, managing stressful experiences, transforming pain perception and increasing treatment motivation. In this context, this review aims to examine the areas of use of hypnosis in pediatric dentistry and its contributions to treatment processes in light of current literature.

Along with technological advances, there are a wide variety of problems affecting the safety and health of workers in modern dentistry. Dentists and other dental personnel face risks specific to their profession and work area. Risks cause problems that develop instantly and/or over years. There are many physical, chemical and biological factors among the risks encountered in dentistry. Accidents caused by these factors can cause injuries, loss of limb, function and even death. In working life, dental professionals are exposed to many physical risk factors such as hitting, hitting, falling, sharps injuries, noise, vibration, thermal comfort conditions, radiation. Chemical substances used in dentistry can cause poisoning, allergic reactions, carcinogenic effects, respiratory disorders. In addition, the dental profession is faced with the danger of many bacteria, viruses and micro-organisms capable of causing disease throughout their working life. In addition to these biological risks, the new coronavirus disease (covid-19) has also been added today. In addition to these factors, dentistry professionals can be exposed to risk factors such as ergonomics and stress. The aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors affecting dental professionals,to reveal their possible effects and to make suggestions for measures to be taken against these effects.

Dental implants provide to eliminate the lack of function caused by tooth loss and restore impaired aesthetics. Implants are known as a reliable treatment method and have a high survival rate. However, the increase in peri-implant diseases also cause the long-term success of the implant to be lower than the survival rate. Peri-implant mucositis is defined as inflammation of the mucosa around the implant, while peri-implantitis is defined as a pathological condition associated with microbial plaque, which is characterized by inflammation of the mucosa and progressive loss of supporting bone around the implant. Risk factors that may be effective in peri-implant diseases have been tried to be identified by many studies conducted so far. History of periodontitis, insufficient plaque control, lack of maintenance therapy, smoking systemic diseases, insufficient keratinized mucosa, cement residues, implant-abutment connection and metal particle release may be associated with peri-implant diseases. While it is accepted that the evidence is strong that a history of periodontitis, insufficient plaque control and lack of maintenance therapy are related to implant-related diseases, it is reported that researches investigating the other risk factors are not sufficient yet. The aim of this review is to evaluate the possible risk factors of peri-implant diseases.